{"id":10620,"date":"2025-07-04T18:02:11","date_gmt":"2025-07-04T18:02:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cryptozen.asia\/vn\/may-tinh-luong-tu-va-bitcoin-moi-de-doa-thuc-su-la-gi\/"},"modified":"2025-07-04T18:02:11","modified_gmt":"2025-07-04T18:02:11","slug":"may-tinh-luong-tu-va-bitcoin-moi-de-doa-thuc-su-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cryptozen.asia\/vn\/may-tinh-luong-tu-va-bitcoin-moi-de-doa-thuc-su-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e1y T\u00ednh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 Bitcoin: M\u1ed1i \u0110e D\u1ecda Th\u1ef1c S\u1ef1 L\u00e0 G\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00e1y T\u00ednh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Lai c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n \u0110i\u1ec7n T\u1eed<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/strong> s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u y t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb cho b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i v\u00e0o b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed<\/strong>. M\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t so v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Bitcoin<\/strong>, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch Th\u1ee9c Ho\u1ea1t \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u00e1y T\u00ednh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed<\/h2>\n

M\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c bit<\/strong> – s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng (0) v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t (1). M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 laptop ho\u1eb7c smartphone c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bit n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qubit<\/strong> (bit l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed). \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qubit l\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u1ea3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i 0 v\u00e0 1 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac (m\u1ed9t thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o<\/em>). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, qubit c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau (s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed<\/em>), cho ph\u00e9p x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u song song. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c t\u00f9y ch\u1ecdn theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, trong khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, 2 qubit c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef 4 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p (00, 01, 10, 11) c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. 50 qubit c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u tri\u1ec7u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i (250<\/sup>) – m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t PC th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng v\u00e0 M\u1ed1i \u0110e D\u1ecda T\u1eeb M\u00e1y T\u00ednh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed<\/h2>\n

S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Trong y h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1ed1c m\u1edbi. Trong logistics, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t ch\u00f9m ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m tra t\u1eebng c\u00e1i m\u1ed9t, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “qu\u00e9t” t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac nh\u1edd v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eadt m\u00e3<\/strong>: c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n nh\u01b0 Shor<\/strong> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a trong v\u00e0i ph\u00fat thay v\u00ec h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u1ee9 hai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c<\/strong>. Thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n Grover<\/strong> cho ph\u00e9p m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u0103m. V\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng 51%<\/em>, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n 50% s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 SHA-256<\/strong> s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u qubit, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1 C\u1ea5p B\u00e1ch v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bitcoin “c\u0169”. Theo nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Bitcoin Core Pieter Wuille<\/strong>, kho\u1ea3ng 7 tri\u1ec7u BTC (37% t\u1ed5ng cung t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2019) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a c\u00f4ng khai b\u1ecb l\u1ed9. Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n

“C\u00e1c k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a c\u00f4ng khai t\u1eeb blockchain v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 ch\u00fang khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng: m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 khi m\u1ed9t giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Trong khi giao d\u1ecbch \u0111ang ch\u1edd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n Shor, t\u00ecm ra kh\u00f3a ri\u00eang v\u00e0 k\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd cho c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n,” ngu\u1ed3n tin gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, Mithus<\/strong> tr\u1ea5n an r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u00e3 h\u00f3a Bitcoin. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb. Khi n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed s\u1ebd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 Bitcoin? C\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hack blockchain. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Google Willow v\u1edbi 105 qubit) v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ECDSA<\/strong> ho\u1eb7c SHA-256<\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u qubit v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0 Condor c\u1ee7a IBM (1.121 qubit), ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan – \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m (m\u1ea5t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed). M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o Bitcoin s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u qubit \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 1.000), hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n Shor v\u00e0 Grover ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia (Wired, WSJ) v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c hai th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng” c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qubit c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ECDSA (m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n m\u00e3 h\u00f3a kh\u00f3a c\u00f4ng khai), tr\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Bitcoin v\u00e0 Ethereum \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, Mithus khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: n\u00ean b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi (P2PK), n\u01a1i kh\u00f3a c\u00f4ng khai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong blockchain. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (Bech32, P2WPKH\/P2TR), n\u01a1i kh\u00f3a ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 khi qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u00eau. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 – m\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3n thanh to\u00e1n m\u1edbi n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. Nh\u01b0 Alex Mithus<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, <\/p>\n

“m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 ra m\u1eaft h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u00e1y T\u00ednh L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed v\u00e0 T\u01b0\u01a1ng Lai c\u1ee7a Ti\u1ec1n \u0110i\u1ec7n T\u1eed C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. 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